Containers

Build Container Images with Kaniko in Kubernetes (2026 Guide)

Klinsmann Öteyo Updated Apr 10, 2026 · 3 min read

Google archived the original Kaniko project in June 2025, but the tool lives on through the Chainguard fork maintained by the original creators. Kaniko remains the go-to solution for building container images inside Kubernetes without requiring Docker daemon access or privileged containers.

Original content from computingforgeeks.com - post 119307

This guide walks through building and pushing container images from a Dockerfile using Kaniko in Kubernetes. We cover both simple and multi-stage builds, pushing to Docker Hub, GHCR, Amazon ECR, and other registries, with every command tested on a live cluster.

Tested April 2026 | Kubernetes v1.34.6 (K3s), Ubuntu 24.04 LTS, Kaniko (Chainguard fork via GitLab registry)

What happened to Kaniko?

Google archived the original Kaniko repository in June 2025. The last release from Google was v1.24.0. The old container images at gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor are unmaintained and will not receive security patches.

The project forked in two directions:

  • Chainguard fork (chainguard-forks/kaniko): Maintained by the original Kaniko creators (Priya Wadhwa, Dan Lorenc). Focused on security patches and dependency updates. Current version: v1.25.12.
  • osscontainertools fork (osscontainertools/kaniko): A more aggressive fork adding new features, currently at v1.27.2.

GitLab publishes free, ready-to-use container images built from the Chainguard fork at registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko. This is what we use throughout this guide because it is free, multi-platform (amd64/arm64), and actively maintained.

How Kaniko builds images

Unlike docker build, Kaniko does not need a Docker daemon. It runs entirely in userspace inside a container:

  1. Reads the Dockerfile and fetches the base image from the registry
  2. Extracts the base image filesystem inside the container
  3. Executes each Dockerfile instruction (RUN, COPY, ADD) in order
  4. Takes a filesystem snapshot after each command to create image layers
  5. Pushes the final image (with all layers) to the destination registry

Because it never touches the host’s Docker socket or container runtime, Kaniko needs no privileged access. This makes it safe for multi-tenant Kubernetes clusters where giving pods access to the Docker socket would be a security risk.

Which Kaniko image to use

The old gcr.io/kaniko-project/executor image is dead. Here are the current options:

ImageSourceCostNotes
registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:debugGitLab (Chainguard fork)FreeRecommended. Tracks latest, includes shell
registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:vX.Y.Z-debugGitLab (Chainguard fork)FreePinned version for reproducible builds (e.g., v1.25.12-debug)
cgr.dev/chainguard/kanikoChainguard ImagesPaidHardened, FIPS variants available

The debug variant includes a busybox shell, which is essential when running Kaniko in CI/CD pipelines or when you need to troubleshoot build failures. The non-debug variant has no shell at all.

Prerequisites

  • A running Kubernetes cluster (any distribution: kubeadm, K3s, EKS, GKE, AKS)
  • kubectl configured with cluster access
  • A container registry account (Docker Hub, GHCR, ECR, or any OCI-compliant registry)
  • Tested on: Kubernetes v1.34.6, Ubuntu 24.04.4 LTS, Kaniko (Chainguard fork, :debug tag)

Create a registry credential secret

Kaniko needs credentials to push built images to your container registry. Create a Kubernetes secret that Kaniko pods will mount.

For Docker Hub:

kubectl create secret docker-registry docker-hub-secret \
  --docker-server=https://index.docker.io/v1/ \
  --docker-username=your-dockerhub-username \
  --docker-password=your-dockerhub-token \
  [email protected]

For GitHub Container Registry (GHCR):

kubectl create secret docker-registry ghcr-secret \
  --docker-server=ghcr.io \
  --docker-username=your-github-username \
  --docker-password=your-github-pat

For Amazon ECR and Google Artifact Registry, see the dedicated sections below.

Verify the secret was created:

kubectl get secret docker-hub-secret -o jsonpath='{.data.\.dockerconfigjson}' | base64 -d | python3 -m json.tool

You should see the registry URL and your encoded credentials in the output.

Build a simple container image

Start with a straightforward Nginx image to confirm Kaniko is working. Create a Dockerfile and an HTML file, then pass them to Kaniko as a ConfigMap.

Create the build context files:

mkdir -p /tmp/kaniko-demo

cat > /tmp/kaniko-demo/Dockerfile << 'DEOF'
FROM nginx:alpine
COPY index.html /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
EXPOSE 80
CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]
DEOF

cat > /tmp/kaniko-demo/index.html << 'HEOF'


Built with Kaniko


Container built with Kaniko in Kubernetes


This image was built without Docker daemon access.



HEOF

Create a ConfigMap from these files so the Kaniko pod can access them:

kubectl create configmap kaniko-build-context \
  --from-file=/tmp/kaniko-demo/Dockerfile \
  --from-file=/tmp/kaniko-demo/index.html

The ConfigMap shows up in the cluster:

configmap/kaniko-build-context created

Now create the Kaniko pod manifest. Replace your-dockerhub-username with your Docker Hub username:

cat > kaniko-pod.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: kaniko-build
spec:
  containers:
  - name: kaniko
    image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:debug
    args:
    - --context=dir:///workspace
    - --dockerfile=/workspace/Dockerfile
    - --destination=docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-demo:latest
    - --verbosity=info
    volumeMounts:
    - name: build-context
      mountPath: /workspace
    - name: docker-config
      mountPath: /kaniko/.docker/
  restartPolicy: Never
  volumes:
  - name: build-context
    configMap:
      name: kaniko-build-context
  - name: docker-config
    secret:
      secretName: docker-hub-secret
      items:
      - key: .dockerconfigjson
        path: config.json
EOF

A few things to note about this manifest:

  • --context=dir:///workspace tells Kaniko where to find the Dockerfile and build context
  • --destination sets the registry and image name to push to
  • The Docker Hub secret is mounted at /kaniko/.docker/ where Kaniko expects registry credentials
  • restartPolicy: Never because this is a one-shot build, not a long-running service

Apply the manifest:

kubectl apply -f kaniko-pod.yaml

Watch the build progress in real time:

kubectl logs -f kaniko-build

Kaniko pulls the base image, executes each Dockerfile instruction, and pushes the result:

INFO[0000] Retrieving image manifest nginx:alpine
INFO[0000] Retrieving image nginx:alpine from registry index.docker.io
INFO[0003] Built cross stage deps: map[]
INFO[0003] Executing 0 build triggers
INFO[0003] Building stage 'nginx:alpine' [idx: '0', base-idx: '-1']
INFO[0003] Unpacking rootfs as cmd COPY index.html /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html requires it.
INFO[0011] COPY index.html /usr/share/nginx/html/index.html
INFO[0011] Taking snapshot of files...
INFO[0011] EXPOSE 80
INFO[0011] Cmd: EXPOSE
INFO[0011] Adding exposed port: 80/tcp
INFO[0011] CMD ["nginx", "-g", "daemon off;"]
INFO[0011] Pushing image to docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-demo:latest

The pod status changes to Completed when the build and push finish:

kubectl get pod kaniko-build

The output confirms the build completed successfully:

NAME           READY   STATUS      RESTARTS   AGE
kaniko-build   0/1     Completed   0          37s

Multi-stage builds

Kaniko handles multi-stage Dockerfiles the same way Docker does. This is where it gets practical: compile your application in one stage, copy the binary into a minimal runtime image in the next.

Here is a Go application built as a multi-stage image:

cat > /tmp/kaniko-demo/Dockerfile << 'DEOF'
FROM golang:1.24-alpine AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY main.go .
RUN go mod init kaniko-demo && CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o /app/server .

FROM alpine:3.21
COPY --from=builder /app/server /server
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]
DEOF

cat > /tmp/kaniko-demo/main.go << 'GOEOF'
package main

import (
    "fmt"
    "net/http"
)

func main() {
    http.HandleFunc("/", func(w http.ResponseWriter, r *http.Request) {
        fmt.Fprintln(w, "Hello from Kaniko-built container!")
    })
    http.ListenAndServe(":8080", nil)
}
GOEOF

Recreate the ConfigMap with the updated files:

kubectl delete configmap kaniko-build-context
kubectl create configmap kaniko-build-context \
  --from-file=/tmp/kaniko-demo/Dockerfile \
  --from-file=/tmp/kaniko-demo/main.go

This time, use a Kubernetes Job instead of a bare Pod. Jobs handle retries and completion tracking, which is better for CI/CD workflows:

cat > kaniko-job.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: kaniko-multistage-build
spec:
  backoffLimit: 0
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: kaniko
        image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:debug
        args:
        - --context=dir:///workspace
        - --dockerfile=/workspace/Dockerfile
        - --destination=docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-go-demo:v1.0
        - --destination=docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-go-demo:latest
        - --cache=true
        - --verbosity=info
        volumeMounts:
        - name: build-context
          mountPath: /workspace
        - name: docker-config
          mountPath: /kaniko/.docker/
      restartPolicy: Never
      volumes:
      - name: build-context
        configMap:
          name: kaniko-build-context
      - name: docker-config
        secret:
          secretName: docker-hub-secret
          items:
          - key: .dockerconfigjson
            path: config.json
EOF

The --cache=true flag tells Kaniko to push intermediate layer caches to the registry. On subsequent builds, Kaniko checks for cached layers before re-executing commands, which speeds up rebuilds significantly. The --destination flag appears twice because we are tagging the image with both v1.0 and latest.

Run the job:

kubectl apply -f kaniko-job.yaml

Monitor the build:

kubectl logs -f job/kaniko-multistage-build

The output shows Kaniko processing both build stages, compiling the Go binary, then creating the final minimal image:

INFO[0001] Resolved base name golang:1.24-alpine to builder
INFO[0001] Retrieving image manifest golang:1.24-alpine
INFO[0001] Retrieving image golang:1.24-alpine from registry index.docker.io
INFO[0007] Built cross stage deps: map[0:[/app/server]]
INFO[0007] Building stage 'golang:1.24-alpine' [idx: '0', base-idx: '-1']
INFO[0025] WORKDIR /app
INFO[0025] Cmd: workdir
INFO[0025] Changed working directory to /app
INFO[0025] RUN go mod init kaniko-demo && CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o /app/server .
INFO[0028] Running: [/bin/sh -c go mod init kaniko-demo && CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o /app/server .]
INFO[0028] Pushing layer to cache now
INFO[0083] Saving file app/server for later use
INFO[0083] Deleting filesystem...
INFO[0084] Building stage 'alpine:3.21' [idx: '1', base-idx: '-1']
INFO[0086] COPY --from=builder /app/server /server
INFO[0086] Taking snapshot of files...
INFO[0086] EXPOSE 8080
INFO[0086] ENTRYPOINT ["/server"]
INFO[0086] Pushing image to docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-go-demo:v1.0
INFO[0100] Pushed image to docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-go-demo:v1.0
INFO[0100] Pushing image to docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-go-demo:latest
INFO[0102] Pushed image to docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-go-demo:latest

The job completes in under 2 minutes:

kubectl get jobs

Both tags pushed successfully, and the job shows as complete:

NAME                      STATUS     COMPLETIONS   DURATION   AGE
kaniko-multistage-build   Complete   1/1           106s       2m14s

Verify the built image

Deploy the Kaniko-built image to your cluster to confirm it works:

kubectl run kaniko-test-app --image=docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/kaniko-go-demo:latest --port=8080
kubectl expose pod kaniko-test-app --type=NodePort --port=8080

Check that the pod starts successfully:

kubectl get pod kaniko-test-app -o wide

The pod should be running within seconds:

NAME              READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE   IP           NODE         NOMINATED NODE   READINESS GATES
kaniko-test-app   1/1     Running   0          12s   10.42.0.14   k8s-master   <none>           <none>

Curl the pod IP to verify the Go application responds:

POD_IP=$(kubectl get pod kaniko-test-app -o jsonpath='{.status.podIP}')
curl http://$POD_IP:8080

The application responds as expected:

Hello from Kaniko-built container!

Push to Amazon ECR

Kaniko includes a built-in ECR credential helper. Create the ECR repository and Kubernetes secret, then point Kaniko at it.

Create the ECR repository (if it does not already exist):

aws ecr create-repository --repository-name kaniko-demo --region us-east-1

Generate an ECR login token and create the Kubernetes secret:

AWS_ACCOUNT_ID=$(aws sts get-caller-identity --query Account --output text)
AWS_REGION=us-east-1
ECR_TOKEN=$(aws ecr get-login-password --region $AWS_REGION)

kubectl create secret docker-registry ecr-secret \
  --docker-server=${AWS_ACCOUNT_ID}.dkr.ecr.${AWS_REGION}.amazonaws.com \
  --docker-username=AWS \
  --docker-password=$ECR_TOKEN

ECR tokens expire after 12 hours. For production use, look into IAM Roles for Service Accounts (IRSA) or a CronJob that refreshes the secret.

The Kaniko Job manifest for ECR looks like this:

cat > kaniko-ecr.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: kaniko-ecr-push
spec:
  backoffLimit: 0
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: kaniko
        image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:debug
        args:
        - --context=dir:///workspace
        - --dockerfile=/workspace/Dockerfile
        - --destination=${AWS_ACCOUNT_ID}.dkr.ecr.${AWS_REGION}.amazonaws.com/kaniko-demo:latest
        - --destination=${AWS_ACCOUNT_ID}.dkr.ecr.${AWS_REGION}.amazonaws.com/kaniko-demo:v1.0
        - --verbosity=info
        volumeMounts:
        - name: build-context
          mountPath: /workspace
        - name: docker-config
          mountPath: /kaniko/.docker/
      restartPolicy: Never
      volumes:
      - name: build-context
        configMap:
          name: kaniko-build-context
      - name: docker-config
        secret:
          secretName: ecr-secret
          items:
          - key: .dockerconfigjson
            path: config.json
EOF

After the job completes, verify the image landed in ECR:

aws ecr describe-images --repository-name kaniko-demo --region us-east-1 \
  --query 'imageDetails[*].{Tags:imageTags,PushedAt:imagePushedAt,Size:imageSizeInBytes}' \
  --output table

The output confirms both tags are present in the repository:

-------------------------------
|       DescribeImages        |
+----------------+------------+
|    PushedAt    |   Size     |
+----------------+------------+
|  1775771832.65 |  26001123  |
+----------------+------------+
||           Tags            ||
|+---------------------------+|
||  v1.0                     ||
||  latest                   ||
|+---------------------------+|

Push to Google Artifact Registry

Google Artifact Registry uses OAuth2 access tokens for authentication. Create the repository and secret, then build with Kaniko.

Create the Artifact Registry Docker repository:

gcloud artifacts repositories create kaniko-demo \
  --repository-format=docker \
  --location=europe-west1 \
  --description="Kaniko builds"

Generate an access token and create the Kubernetes secret:

GCP_REGION=europe-west1
GCP_PROJECT=$(gcloud config get-value project)
GCP_TOKEN=$(gcloud auth print-access-token)

kubectl create secret docker-registry gar-secret \
  --docker-server=${GCP_REGION}-docker.pkg.dev \
  --docker-username=oauth2accesstoken \
  --docker-password=$GCP_TOKEN

GCP access tokens also expire (after 1 hour by default). For GKE clusters, use Workload Identity instead of static tokens. For non-GKE clusters, use a service account key or refresh the secret via a CronJob.

Set the destination to your Artifact Registry path (REGION-docker.pkg.dev/PROJECT/REPO/IMAGE:TAG):

--destination=europe-west1-docker.pkg.dev/your-project/kaniko-demo/your-app:latest

After pushing, list the images with gcloud:

gcloud artifacts docker images list \
  europe-west1-docker.pkg.dev/your-project/kaniko-demo \
  --include-tags \
  --format="table(package,tags,createTime)"

The output shows the image with both tags and the creation timestamp:

IMAGE                                                             TAGS         CREATE_TIME
europe-west1-docker.pkg.dev/your-project/kaniko-demo/nginx-app    latest,v1.0  2026-04-10T00:57:08

Build from a Git repository

For most CI/CD pipelines, the build context lives in a Git repository rather than a ConfigMap. Kaniko can clone a repository directly.

Public repository:

cat > kaniko-git-build.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: kaniko-git-build
spec:
  backoffLimit: 0
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: kaniko
        image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:debug
        args:
        - --context=git://github.com/your-org/your-repo.git#refs/heads/main
        - --dockerfile=Dockerfile
        - --destination=docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/your-app:latest
        volumeMounts:
        - name: docker-config
          mountPath: /kaniko/.docker/
      restartPolicy: Never
      volumes:
      - name: docker-config
        secret:
          secretName: docker-hub-secret
          items:
          - key: .dockerconfigjson
            path: config.json
EOF

Private repository: set the GIT_TOKEN environment variable. Kaniko uses it for HTTPS authentication:

cat > kaniko-private-git.yaml << 'EOF'
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
  name: kaniko-private-build
spec:
  backoffLimit: 0
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: kaniko
        image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:debug
        env:
        - name: GIT_TOKEN
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: git-credentials
              key: token
        args:
        - --context=git://github.com/your-org/private-repo.git#refs/heads/main
        - --dockerfile=Dockerfile
        - --destination=docker.io/your-dockerhub-username/your-app:latest
        volumeMounts:
        - name: docker-config
          mountPath: /kaniko/.docker/
      restartPolicy: Never
      volumes:
      - name: docker-config
        secret:
          secretName: docker-hub-secret
          items:
          - key: .dockerconfigjson
            path: config.json
EOF

Create the Git token secret first:

kubectl create secret generic git-credentials --from-literal=token=ghp_your_github_pat_here

The --context-sub-path flag is useful when the Dockerfile is not in the repository root:

--context=git://github.com/your-org/monorepo.git#refs/heads/main
--context-sub-path=services/api
--dockerfile=Dockerfile

Kaniko build arguments reference

These are the most commonly used Kaniko flags:

FlagDescriptionExample
--contextBuild context locationdir:///workspace, git://github.com/org/repo.git, s3://bucket/path
--dockerfilePath to Dockerfile within context/workspace/Dockerfile
--destinationRegistry and image name (repeatable for multi-tag)docker.io/user/app:v1.0
--cacheEnable layer caching in the registry--cache=true
--cache-repoCustom cache repositorydocker.io/user/app/cache
--no-pushBuild only, do not push (good for testing)--no-push
--build-argPass build arguments to Dockerfile--build-arg=VERSION=1.0
--targetBuild up to a specific stage--target=builder
--context-sub-pathSubdirectory within the context--context-sub-path=services/api
--verbosityLog levelinfo, debug, warn, error
--snapshot-modeControls snapshot behaviorfull (default), redo, time
--insecurePush to HTTP registries--insecure

Supported build context sources

Kaniko supports several build context locations beyond local directories and Git repositories:

SourceContext formatAuth method
Local directorydir:///pathVolume mount
Git repositorygit://github.com/org/repo.git#refGIT_TOKEN env var
AWS S3s3://bucket/path/context.tar.gzAWS credentials / IRSA
Google Cloud Storagegs://bucket/path/context.tar.gzGCP service account
Azure Blob Storagehttps://account.blob.core.windows.net/container/context.tar.gzAzure credentials

For S3 and GCS contexts, tar the build context and upload it to your bucket:

tar -czf context.tar.gz Dockerfile main.go
aws s3 cp context.tar.gz s3://my-builds-bucket/kaniko/context.tar.gz

Then point Kaniko at it:

--context=s3://my-builds-bucket/kaniko/context.tar.gz

Resource limits and build performance

Kaniko builds can be memory-intensive, especially for large base images or Go/Rust compilations. Set resource requests and limits to prevent builds from being OOM-killed or starving other workloads:

containers:
- name: kaniko
  image: registry.gitlab.com/gitlab-ci-utils/container-images/kaniko:debug
  resources:
    requests:
      cpu: "500m"
      memory: "1Gi"
    limits:
      cpu: "2"
      memory: "4Gi"
  args:
  - --context=dir:///workspace
  - --dockerfile=/workspace/Dockerfile
  - --destination=docker.io/your-user/your-app:latest

The Go multi-stage build we tested consumed about 800MB of memory during compilation. Java and Rust builds typically need more (2-4GB). If your builds fail with signal: killed in the logs, increase the memory limit.

Clean up build resources

Completed Kaniko pods and jobs stick around after they finish. Clean them up to avoid cluttering your cluster:

kubectl delete job kaniko-multistage-build
kubectl delete pod kaniko-build
kubectl delete configmap kaniko-build-context

For automated cleanup, set ttlSecondsAfterFinished on the Job spec:

spec:
  ttlSecondsAfterFinished: 300
  backoffLimit: 0
  template:
    ...

This tells Kubernetes to automatically delete the Job and its pod 5 minutes after completion.

Troubleshooting

Error: "error checking push permissions"

This means Kaniko cannot authenticate with the destination registry. Verify the secret is mounted correctly:

kubectl get secret docker-hub-secret -o jsonpath='{.data.\.dockerconfigjson}' | base64 -d

Confirm the auths section contains the correct registry URL. For Docker Hub, it must be https://index.docker.io/v1/ (not docker.io). Also check that the secret is mounted at /kaniko/.docker/config.json, not /kaniko/.docker/.dockerconfigjson. The items mapping in the volume mount handles this rename.

Error: "failed to get filesystem from image"

This usually happens when the base image in the Dockerfile cannot be pulled. Check that the Kaniko pod has network access to the registry and that the base image tag exists. If you are behind a corporate proxy, set the HTTP_PROXY and HTTPS_PROXY environment variables on the Kaniko container.

Build succeeds but image is too large

Use multi-stage builds. Compile in one stage, copy only the binary to a minimal base like alpine or scratch in the second stage. The Go example above produces a final image of roughly 8MB compared to the 500MB+ golang builder image.

Builds are slow on repeated runs

Enable layer caching with --cache=true. Kaniko pushes intermediate layers to the registry and checks for them on subsequent builds. This can cut rebuild times by 50-80% when only application code changes.

Kaniko vs other in-cluster image builders

ToolDaemon requiredPrivilegedBest forStatus (2026)
Kaniko (Chainguard fork)NoNoStandard CI/CD, multi-tenant clustersActively maintained
BuildKit (moby/buildkit)Yes (buildkitd)Optional (rootless mode)Advanced caching, distributed buildsVery active
BuildahNoNeeds security contextPodman/CRI-O environmentsVery active

Kaniko is the simplest option when you just need to build Dockerfiles inside Kubernetes without any special security permissions. BuildKit is more powerful but requires running a daemon (buildkitd) as a pod. Buildah is the best fit if you are already in a Podman/CRI-O ecosystem.

What port does Kaniko use?

Kaniko itself does not listen on any port. It is a build tool that runs as a one-shot process, builds the image, pushes it to a registry over HTTPS (port 443), and exits. The only network requirement is outbound HTTPS access to your container registry and any base image registries referenced in the Dockerfile.

Does Kaniko work with Podman or containerd?

Yes. Kaniko does not interact with the container runtime at all. It runs in userspace and directly talks to OCI registries over HTTPS. It works on any Kubernetes cluster regardless of whether the nodes use Docker, containerd, or CRI-O.

Klinsmann Öteyo

A systems engineer with excellent skills in systems administration, cloud computing, systems deployment, virtualization, containers, and a certified ethical hacker.

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